PKM and cancer: Phosphorylated PKM2 has three main functions: (1) PKM2 facilitates oncogene transcription and cancer proliferation by activating β-catenin, cyclin D1, and C-MyC (101, 112); (2) P53 and PKM2 in the nucleus can phosphorylate each other to form a cascade to protect against external stress (100); and (3) PKM2 can inactivate P53 by inhibiting P38-MAPK and induce gemcitabine resistance in pancreatic cancer (113).