INS and early-onset autosomal dominant Alzheimer disease: Despite multiple studies confirming the benefits of intranasal insulin on cognition and memory, a Randomized Clinical Trial to investigate the safety, efficacy, and feasibility of intranasal insulin for the treatment of Mild Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimer's Disease, published by Craft et al. in 2020, revealed that intranasal insulin therapy given for 12 months had no cognitive or functional benefits among the primary intention-to-treat cohort with either Alzheimer's Disease or Mild Cognitive Impairment [40].