ANOS1 and Kallmann syndrome: Congenital hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism and Kallmann syndrome are caused by mutations in KAL1/ANOS1, FGF8, FGF17, and FGF receptor 1 (FGFR1) (Bick et al., 1992; Dodé et al., 2003; Falardeau et al., 2008; Miraoui et al., 2013).