VEGFA and COVID-19: Indeed, several studies have reported a significant increase in the levels of cytokines and chemokines in severe COVID-19 patients, including VEGF, hepatocyte growth factor, TNF-α, MIP 1-α, MCP-1, IP-10, IFN-γ, GM-CSF, G-CSF, M-CSF, IL-17, IL-13, IL-12, IL-10, IL-7, IL-6, IL-1, IL-2 and IL-4 (51).