This is characterized by a significant upregulation of both IκB protein genes Nfkbia (IκBα) and Nfkbib (IκBβ), the NF-κB subunit Nfkb1 in both male and female IUGR neonates, and the IκB kinase Chuk (IKKα) and the subunit Rela only in the IUGR male neonate. Here, RELA is linked to fetal growth restriction.