In contrast, levels of IL-1, IL-6, and IL-8 and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) are increased in the endometria of women with endometriosis compared with the endometria of normal controls (48), and elevated levels of monocyte/macrophage-activating chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) (49) and macrophage inhibitory factor (50) further promote a proinflammatory environment in the endometria of women with disease. The gene discussed is CCL2; the disease is endometriosis.