While higher IL-1β:IL-1ra ratio associated with the anti-inflammatory and clinical effects of treatment, at lower level response occurred rather independent of it, further supporting the complexity of the interplay between immune system and the treatment of depression, and the need of a personalized medicine approach to improve the efficacy of antidepressant treatments through immune modulation (Branchi et al., 2021). Here, IL1B is linked to major depressive disorder.