Indeed, cardiac CTGF expression is elevated in models of MI-induced heart failure (HF) and cardiac remodeling (Ahmed et al., 2004; Dean et al., 2005; Gabrielsen et al., 2007; Zhang et al., 2012), and CTGF protein levels have been correlated with the degree of myocardial fibrosis in HF patients (Koitabashi et al., 2007). This evidence concerns the gene CCN2 and myocardial infarction.