TGFB1 and myocardial infarction: The TGFβ1-TAK1-p38 MAPK signaling pathway was found to be active after AMI, accompanied by an upregulation of cardiac hypertrophy markers, suggesting that this non-canonical pathway may be involved in cardiac hypertrophy after MI (Zhang et al., 2000; Matsumoto-Ida et al., 2006).