Indeed, cardiac CTGF expression is elevated in models of MI-induced heart failure (HF) and cardiac remodeling (Ahmed et al., 2004; Dean et al., 2005; Gabrielsen et al., 2007; Zhang et al., 2012), and CTGF protein levels have been correlated with the degree of myocardial fibrosis in HF patients (Koitabashi et al., 2007). Here, CCN2 is linked to heart failure.