NPPA and cardiac hypertrophy: In response to chronic adrenergic stimulus, NRVMs undergo marked structural and electrical remodeling and show characteristic features of pathological cardiac hypertrophy, such as cell enlargement, APD prolongation, an increase in total protein content, and reactivation of “fetal” genes including the ANP-encoding NPPA gene (Eble et al., 1998; Gaughan et al., 1998; Bernardo et al., 2010; Askar et al., 2013; Neshati et al., 2020).