NFKB1 and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: Interestingly, in a model of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) induced by LPS combined with cigarette smoke for 4 weeks, 24.3 mg/kg sodium houttuyfonate decreased the mRNA levels of TLR4, MyD88, and NF-κB p65 (Wu et al., 2017), however, considering the differences in the adaptability of humans and rats to cigarette smoke, this research still needs more investigation.