The latter relationship between inflammation and brain changes (GM volume reduction and increased NFL levels) is especially interesting given the additional associations between GM and AD (Thompson et al., 2003; Karas et al., 2004; Busatto et al., 2008), GM and cognition (Zimmerman et al., 2006; Kramer et al., 2007) and NFL and AD (Petzold et al., 2007; Olsson et al., 2016). This evidence concerns the gene NEFL and Alzheimer disease.