VIP and atrial fibrillation: Liver cirrhosis increased the risk of AF (HR = 1.46; 95% CI = 1.18–1.80), likely due to cirrhotic cardiomyopathy, vasoactive intestinal peptide, and galectin-3 (Lippi et al., 2015; Xi et al., 2015; Lee et al., 2017; Huang et al., 2018).