Numerous inflammatory (C3+ or GBP2+) astrocytes can be found in tissues of both murine prion disease and human CJD cases (Hartmann et al., 2019), and expression of C3 and GBP2 is significantly upregulated in CJD brain tissue and is associated with disease duration and risk genotype (Ugalde et al., 2020). This evidence concerns the gene C3 and Creutzfeldt Jacob disease.