AKT1 and Atrophy: Inhibition of the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway has been implicated in the induction of muscle atrophy via dephosphorylating FoxO3a and promoting the nuclear translocation of FoxO3a, which in turn increases the expression of the E3 ubiquitin ligases, Atrogin-1 and MuRF1 [22, 23].