IGHE and allergic asthma: These similarities include increased activation of the type 2 inflammatory cascade, as evidenced by elevated levels of IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13; the presence of eosinophilic inflammation, elevated local IgE, and airway remodeling, including epithelial denudation; and thickening of the basement membrane and bronchial smooth muscle, which is said to be indistinguishable between allergic and non-allergic asthma subtypes [69, 70].