IL34 and osteosarcoma: Inflammatory cytokines, such as tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α, IL-6 and IL-1β, activate NF-κB, JNK, and ERK1/2 signalling pathways and enhance IL-34 synthesis in a wide range of cell types including fibroblasts, epithelial cells, intestinal lamina propria mononuclear cells (LPMC), periodontal ligament cells, osteosarcoma cells, and adipocytes [15, 26, 34, 53].