INS and Insulin resistance: The acute insulin response of individual II-2 was abolished at that time, while his fasting glucose levels were still low (2.8–3.7 mmol/l) and his HbA1c was 39 mmol/mol (5.7%), with borderline fasting insulin levels (173.8–202.7 pmol/l [normal range: 18.8–181.0 pmol/l]) (Fig. 1d) and substantial signs of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR 4.6, QUICKI 0.305).