PKLR and diabetes mellitus: In our study, we confirmed that SDF-1 and EX-4 combination therapy could significantly increase the gene expression of EHHADH, HMGCL, IL4I1, PKLR, PIK3CG, PYGM, SLC2A4, RHOQ, PRKCZ, FBP1, and SH2B2, which play key roles in promoting amino acid degradation and insulin secretion; thus, SDF-1 assists EX-4 in controlling the blood glucose level of diabetes patients.