Although the effect of vaccine priming is more difficult to ascertain at later times in the infection given the known impact of host-induced immune responses on HIV-1 evolution (Goulder et al., 1997; Price et al., 1997; Richman et al., 2003), the maintenance of Env sieve signatures further supports our initial study that emphasized a sieve acquisition effect (akin to a founder effect) with RV144 VE associated with genotype-specific differences. The gene discussed is ERVW-1; the disease is infection.