CTLA4 and bladder transitional cell carcinoma: Novel immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), including anti-cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4), programmed death 1 (PD-1), and their ligands, PDL1 (CD274) and PD-L2 (CD273), have great potential for therapeutic efficacy in a variety of tumors, such as metastatic melanoma and non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC), along with bladder urothelial cancer (1).