In several of these studies, sPD-L1 level was significantly associated with certain cancer attributes such as: clinical stage, tumor cell differentiation, and lymph node status in OSCC (139) and gastric cancer (135, 140); abdominal organ metastases, cancer histopathology (adenocarcinoma) in NSCLC (129, 138); tumor size, stage and grade, and tumors with necrosis in RCC (127); stage of cirrhosis and stage of HCC in HCC (136); residual tumor burden in EOC (134); and extrathyroidal extension in PTC (133). Here, SPDL1 is linked to renal cell carcinoma.