Various cancers including NSCLC (129, 138, 205), RCC (127), DLBCL (128, 130), oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) (139), multiple myeloma (MM) (131), nasal NK/T cell lymphoma (NKTTL) (132), papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) (133), epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) (134), gastric cancer (135, 140, 206), HCC (136), and WM (193) have demonstrated significantly higher circulating levels of sPD-L1 in comparison to healthy individuals. Here, SPDL1 is linked to hepatocellular carcinoma.