TNF and COVID-19: Studies have shown that several circulating cytokines and chemokines such as TNFα, CXCL-10, IL-6, and IL-8 are differentially expressed during SARS-CoV-2 infection, and this cytokine/chemokine storm likely contributes to the poor prognosis of COVID-19 (Liu J. et al., 2020; Vaninov, 2020).