Previously, it has been reported that TNF, IL-1β and IFN-γ are produced by activated monocytes/macrophages, microglia and T cells of PWH presenting signs of dementia, and the cerebrospinal fluid of PWH contain higher levels of proinflammatory cytokines such as IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-2, IL-6, IL-7, and IL-877. Here, TNF is linked to dementia.