HMGB1 and neurodegenerative disease: In support of this concept, several studies have indicated that AIE increases hippocampal neuroinflammatory cascades also evident in other neurodegenerative diseases, including high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) protein, an agonist at the receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE), and activation of the proinflammatory transcription factor nuclear factor kappa-light-chain enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) [2, 4, 5, 12].