These genes include THY1 (CD90; ES = 1.62, FDR = 1.49e–16) and CDH1 (ES=−0.90, FDR = 8.32e–9) in genome-wide association studies; S100A9 (ES = 1.80, FDR = 2.76e–8) and S100A12 (ES = 1.12, FDR = 1.74e–10), which are both used as noninvasive markers of inflammation and diagnosing active IBD; metalloproteinases MMP1 (ES = 2.02, FDR = 6.45e–18) and MMP7 (ES = 1.71, FDR = 2.03e–9); and leukocyte-trafficking receptors VCAM1 (ES = 1.19, FDR = 2.22e–7) and ICAM1 (ES = 1.49, FDR = 9.64e–9) (Supplementary Figure 2). Here, VCAM1 is linked to inflammatory bowel disease.