APP and amyloidosis: Similar to findings in Fig 3A-C, morphine exposure also mediated induction of astrocytic amyloidosis by significantly upregulating *(P < 0.05) the mRNA expression of APP, BACE1 and HIF-1α as well as neuroinflammatory cytokines IL 1β and IL 6 $(P < 0.05) in HPAs exposed to morphine (Fig. 4D).