It must be noted that while in the non-CNS cells such as Lewis lung carcinoma cells [76] and cardiac myocytes [77] morphine reduces the expression of HIF-1α, however, in both morphine exposed astrocytes as well as in the brains of morphine dependent macaques there was a significant increase in the expression of HIF-1α. Here, HIF1A is linked to Carcinoma, Lewis Lung.