ATG12 and breast cancer: Nevertheless, chloroquine sensitization of some breast cancer lines revealed to be independent of autophagy inhibition, since sensitization was not mimicked by the knockdown of Atg12 or Beclin 1 genes or following treatment with bafilomycin A1, and chloroquine-induced cell death occurred even in the absence of Atg12 [53], proposing that reducing autophagy does not affect drug cytotoxicity ubiquitously in all human cells.