TNF and asthma: Immunomodulatory actions of one such ingredient, Andrographis paniculata (Nilavembu), has in fact through in-vitro studies showed a reduction of IL-12, TNF alpha, PGE2, NO, COX-2, and iNOS in the microglia and macrophages [35]; inhibition of the production of ROS in neutrophils [36]; regulation of the production of NK cells, IFN gamma, IL-2, and TNF alpha [37]; inhibition of IL-2, IFN gamma and IL-6; reduction of IL-13, IL-4, IL-5, and Th2 cytokines in ovalbumin-induced asthma rat model [38]; and inhibition of Nf-kB binding to DNA [39].