TGFB1 and cancer: TGF-β has a substantial influence on the immune system: inhibiting the proliferation and functions of T cells, inducing the differentiation of naïve T cells toward regulatory T cells, undermining the antigen presentation capability of dendritic cells (DCs), enhancing the functions of cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), and impairing the activities of natural killer cells (NKs) [25].