The antigen presentation by dendritic cells (DCs) and subsequent activation of adaptive immune response are indispensable steps in cancer-immune cycle, and the granulocyte–macrophage colony–stimulating factor (GM-CSF), which plays a pivotal role in the differentiation and maturation of DCs, can serve as potent immune adjuvant or sensitizer [23, 24]. Here, CSF2 is linked to cancer.