By prioritising training, mentorship and health systems strengthening such that outpatient clinicians have excellent clinical skills and are empowered with point-of-care diagnostics (e.g. CD4, CrAg, TB-LAM) and adequate resources for optimal treatment, the proposed targets could be met, resulting in potentially fewer hospitalisations and AHD-related mortality. The gene discussed is CD4; the disease is mitochondrial DNA depletion syndrome 4a.