ATG5 and hepatocellular carcinoma: The ANE was shown to increase ROS (Fig. 2), while at the same time promoting both autophagy, as evidenced by the reduction in the LC3I/II ratio, p62 degradation, and increases in levels of autophagy proteins (ATG5+12 and Beclin-1) suggesting that the ANE induced HCC cytotoxic effects through ROS signaling in this study (Fig. 5).