ACE2 and COVID-19: Autoantibodies against all interleukins, cytokines, and ACE-2 identified in the initial screen were also observed using a 5 SD cutoff in a second COVID-19 cohort (n = 98 longitudinal samples from 48 different patients, see Fig. 3, Supplementary Figs. 5 and 6), with few exceptions (e.g., IL-1α, although IL-1β was targeted using a 3 SD cutoff; IL-31, which met a 3 SD cutoff; and GM-CSF).