HNRNPDL and rheumatoid arthritis: Chronic bacterial infection, such caused by Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans [57] or Porphyromonas gingivalis, which can citrullinate hnRNPs [58] or smoking [59, 60], leading to overexpression of hnRNPs, as shown by our results with overexpression and citrullination of hnRNP-DL in RA joint.