Our previous studies showed that CsESPs can activate LX-2 cells, and TGF-β/Smad signaling plays a critical role in the activation of HSCs to promote the liver fibrosis caused by worm infection [7, 29]; however, the mechanism by which TGF-β/Smad is finely regulated remains ambiguous. The gene discussed is TGFB1; the disease is Hepatic fibrosis.