Of the two prospective cohort studies assessing the association of VCAM-1 with incident AF, one reported that baseline levels of VCAM-1 predicted post-operative AF after coronary artery bypass surgery and the other found that soluble levels of VCAM-1 had a positive, dose–response relationship with long-term risk of AF [8, 9]. Here, VCAM1 is linked to atrial fibrillation.