HSD3B1 and Familial prostate cancer: Although our prior work has established that HSD3B1 genetic inheritance regulates peripheral synthesis of potent androgens and associated prostate cancer clinical outcomes in men absent gonadal sex steroids (8, 10), the current study suggests that HSD3B1 is also a genetic endocrine regulator in the opposite sex and similarly regulates estrogen-driven clinical outcomes in postmenopausal women.