EPCAM and hepatocellular carcinoma: HCC markers, such as GPC3 and AFP, and hepatocyte markers, such as ALB, TTR, APOA1, and APOE, were highly expressed in HCC organoids and matched tissues; whereas CC and ductal markers, such as EPCAM, KRT19, and S100A1186, were highly expressed in CC organoids, which was consistent with the characteristics of clinical primary liver cancers29.