HCC markers, such as GPC3 and AFP, and hepatocyte markers, such as ALB, TTR, APOA1, and APOE, were highly expressed in HCC organoids and matched tissues; whereas CC and ductal markers, such as EPCAM, KRT19, and S100A1186, were highly expressed in CC organoids, which was consistent with the characteristics of clinical primary liver cancers29. Here, AFP is linked to cholangiocarcinoma.