Cardiac biomarkers have been used for the diagnosis of MI and determination of prognosis after MI treatment, and include inflammatory (c-reactive protein, pentraxin-3, interleukin-6, etc.), plaque destabilization (pregnancy-associated plasma protein A, myeloperoxidase, tumor necrosis factor α, etc.), and myocardial necrosis (troponin, myoglobin, growth-differentiation factor-15, etc.)markers8,9. This evidence concerns the gene PAPPA and myocardial infarction.