While the differentiation of MSCs to osteoblast was utilized as a model system to decipher molecular and cellular mechanisms of cilia structure and function, our results have implications in diseases associated with bone loss in aging and in the pathophysiology of not only bona-fide ciliopathies, such as Joubert syndrome (TALPID3)53, but also of secondary ciliopathies such as cancer (FBW7)54,55 and microcephaly (NDE1)41. This evidence concerns the gene KIAA0586 and microcephaly.