IL11 and myocardial infarction: On the contrary, recent studies have reported that Il11 expression is induced in the adult mouse heart after MI (44) and that noncanonical IL-11/ERK activity downstream of transforming growth factor–β (TGF-β) signaling is an important factor mediating fibrotic remodeling, proposing anti–IL-11 therapies to mitigate fibrosis (46, 47).