For instance, patient-specific PSC-derived skeletal muscle has been shown to recapitulate some pathological features of DMD in monotypic two-dimensional (2D) cultures, including reduced myoblast fusion competence, abnormal expression of inflammation-related genes, and up-regulation of transforming growth factor–β (TGFβ)/bone morphogenetic protein signaling (17). The gene discussed is TGFB1; the disease is Duchenne muscular dystrophy.