DMD and neuromuscular disease caused by qualitative or quantitative defects of dystrophin: Contrary to lower percentages of PAX7- and MYOD1-positive nuclei in DMD-R3381X cultures (Fig. 2E), these results suggest that dystrophin deficiency may have an effect on translation of PAX7 and MYOD1 or as yet unidentified mechanisms, although this will require further investigation.