CFTR and cystic fibrosis: Furthermore, multiple groups have found that ceramides are increased in polarized primary bronchial epithelial cells from people living with CF (cfHBEs, homozygous or heterozygous for the ΔF508‐CFTR mutation), as compared to cells from non‐CF subjects (nHBEs) (Gardner et al., 2020; Loberto et al., 2020).