TNF and neoplasm: reported increased concentration of CD4+ and CD8+ tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL) in tumor microenvironment, dose-dependent retardation of tumor growth, and reduction in pro-angiogenic cytokines such as IL-1, IL-2, IL-12, and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) by administering anti-CD3ε nanobodies (sequence provided by US 2011/0275787 A1) in vivo.