Strikingly, however, PML was found to have no role in controlling infection by Salmonella typhimurium, a bacterium that is responsible for gastroenteritis in humans, even though this pathogen was also shown to induce a decrease in Ubc9 level leading to inhibition of host cellular SUMOylation (Figure 4; Decque et al., 2016; Ribet et al., 2017). This evidence concerns the gene PML and infection.