In addition, abnormal mitochondrial fission and decreased expression of mitochondrial biogenesis-related proteins (PGC-1α, TFAM, and NRF2) were found in AD patients, AD mouse models and AD cell models, which indicates that mitochondria dynamic and biogenesis are impaired (Manczak et al., 2011; Rice et al., 2014). Here, PPARGC1A is linked to Alzheimer disease.