VEGFA and cancer: MAPK1 has been shown to be involved in processes such as autophagy, lipid metabolism, proliferation, migration, and invasion (31, 32), HRAS belongs to the RAS family of small GTPases and is a frequently mutated oncogene in cancer, HRAS regulates a complex signal transduction network, including the RAF-MEK-ERK cascade, VEGF-PI3K-AKT pathway and Raf-1 signaling to promote cancer cell proliferation, migration, angiogenesis, and autophagy (33).