Finally, increased IL-17 production by Th17 cells in COVID-19 patients has broad pro-inflammatory effects through the upregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines like G-CSF, IL-1β, IL-6, TNFα, as well as chemokines like MIP2A, IL-8, IP10, MIP3A, and matrix metalloproteinases (98). This evidence concerns the gene TNF and COVID-19.