CTLA4 and cancer: Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), such as programmed cell death 1/programmed death ligand 1 (PD-1/PD-L1) and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) blockade, enable the adaptive immune response to recognize and kill tumor cells, revolutionizing the standard of care for several cancers, including NSCLC.