GCG and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: Butyrate has the capacity to stimulate glucagon-like peptide-1 production and activate brown fat tissue, leading to sustained satiety and fat oxidation enhancement, thereby effectively preventing diet-induced obesity, insulin resistance, hypertriglyceridemia, and hepatic steatosis (Li et al., 2018; Vallianou et al., 2019).